PDF (Japanese)　／　PDF (English)

In recent years, with advances in automation, communications and AI, technological development and testing of MASS (Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships) have been progressing globally.

MASS replaces or supplements some or all of the functions previously performed by humans, such as watchkeeping, navigation, decision-making, and command and supervision, through mechanical systems, remote operation, or automation technology. Consequently, it is necessary to reassess the relationship between MASS and existing maritime legislation, safety regulations, and liability regimes in the event of an accident.

With these issues in mind, our office is conducting research into the legal systems of various European countries, focusing in particular on criminal liability in the event of an accident.

As part of this research, this report summarises the current status of international discussions on MASS and the approach to liability for accidents under UK law.

• First, we examine the current state of international discussions regarding MASS through the development process of the non-mandatory MASS Code by the IMO. [Report A, Part 1-1]
• Next, we outline the basic provisions regarding jurisdiction in the UK and, from the perspective of legal regulations concerning vessel collisions, examine the fundamental principles governing vessel operation, safety regulations and liability in the event of an accident in the UK. [Report A, Part 1-2] [Report A, Part 1-3] [Report B, Part 1] and [Report B, Part 2]
• Furthermore, in the event of an accident involving MASS caused by a communication or system failure, we outline the allocation of liability among the parties involved and future challenges, taking into account the principles of UK law. [Report A, Part 2] [Report A, Part 3] and [Report B, Part 3]

Based on the findings of this report, we intend to proceed with a study of the European legal system.

[Click the link below to read the article]

⇨Report A

⇨Report B